Adolf Hitler
Hitler’s Early Years
World War I
Hitler Was No Superman
Hitler Starts to Lead
Rise of the Nazi Party
Hitler As German Fuhrer
World War II
Allied Victory
Hitler’s Death
Early Years
Adolf Hitler was born in Braunau am Inn, Austria, on April 20, , the son of a fifty-two-year-old Austrian customs official, Alois Schickelgruber Hitler, and his third wife, a young peasant girl, Klara Poelzl, both from the backwoods of lower Austria. The young Hitler was a resentful, discontented child. Moody, lazy, of unstable temperament, he was deeply hostile towards his strict, authoritarian father and strongly attached to his indulgent, hard-working mother, whose death from cancer in December was a shattering blow to the adolescent Hitler.
Hitler as a baby |
After spending four years in the Realschule in Linz, he left school at the age of sixteen with dreams of becoming a painter. In October , the provincial, middle-class boy left home for Vienna, where he was to remain until , leading a bohemian, vagabond existence. Embittered at his rejection by the Viennese Academy of Fine Arts, he was to spend “five years of misery and woe” in Vienna, as he later recalled
Rudolf Hess
One of Adolf Hitler’s principal lieutenants in the s and ‘30s. Hess, the son of a German merchant, was born in Alexandria, Egypt. After serving in the German army during World War I, he joined the fledgling Nazi Party in
Hess participated in the Nazi attempt to overthrow the Bavarian government in and was imprisoned with Hitler at Landsberg, becoming the Nazi leader’s private secretary. After Hitler became chancellor of Germany in , he appointed Hess his deputy in charge of the party organization. In he was elevated to the rank of minister and appointed a member of Hitler’s cabinet. Hitler named him third deputy of the Reich in , placing him directly below the Nazi leader Hermann Göring in line of succession.
Two years later, when World War II was reaching its height, Hess made a solo airplane flight to Scotland; on his immediate arrest as a prisoner of war he announced that he had flown to Britain to persuade the British government to conclude peace with Germany.
At the Nuremberg Trials in , Hess was cleared of war crimes and crimes against humanity but was convicted of crimes against peace and jailed for life. He spent 40 years in Spandau Prison in B
Adolf Hitler: Was Hitler Jewish?
One of the most frequently asked questions about the Holocaust and the Nazi party is whether Adolf Hitler was Jewish or had Jewish ancestors. The question received new media attention in May when Russia’s foreign minister claimed Hitler
Though the idea may seem preposterous to some, the question seems to stem from the remote possibility that Hitler's grandfather was Jewish. Hitler’s father, Alois, was registered as an illegitimate child with no father when born in and to this day Hitler’s paternal grandfather is unknown. In , Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois’s mother. Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler’s brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In , when Alois was 39, he was made legitimate and his baptismal record annotated by a priest to register Johann Georg Hiedler as Alois’s father (recorded as ). Alois then assumed the surname
In his memoir In the Face of the Gallows (published after his execution in ), Hitler’s lawyer Hans Frank claimed that Hitler had told him to investigate rumors of him having Jewish ancestry. Frank said Hitler showed him a letter from a nephew who threatened to reveal he had Jewish b
Why did the Holocaust happen?
The Nazis&#; rise to power, and the role of Adolf Hitler himself, is one of the primary causes of the Holocaust. The Nazis initiated, organised and directed the genocide and their racist ideology underpinned it.
The Nazi rise to power
The Nazis’ ideology rested on several key ideas, such as nationalism, racial superiority, antisemitism, and anticommunism. These ideas were popular in Germany in the s and early s, as the economic and political situation fluctuated and then, following the Wall Street Crash in , quickly deteriorated.
In these uncertain times, the Nazi Party appeared to offer hope, political stability and prosperity. In , the Nazis became the biggest party in the Reichstag , with % of the vote.
Shortly afterwards, on 30 January , Hitler was appointed Chancellor. The Nazis quickly consolidated their power, taking advantage of the Reichstag Fire of February to begin their reign of terror. Whilst primarily aimed at political enemies, the infrastructure of camps and institutionalised torture used in these initial months provided the groundwork for the camp system which later facilitated mass murder. Although not the subject of mass a
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